The Literary movments, periods, and styles are divided into their
religeous categories
These are to be reflected in the layout and
architecture of our future cities. Be they planetside, on a moon,
or an asteriod. The space craft produced by these cities/literary
traditons are to reflect their authors or books.
Baha'i
Buddhism
Confucianism
Christian
Aestheticism
19th century european movment enphasizing aestecit
values over social or moral themes. Advocationg "art for art's
sake," leading aesthetis imbued their work with a flamboyant, nearly
hedonistic quality. Charles Baudelair and Oscar Wilde were amoung
the movment's most notable figures.
Angry Young Men
A group of English writers, cheifly from the working
or middle classes, who became prominent in the 1950s. Their work,
characterized by a bitter disillusionment with traditional English
society, produced the figure of the antihero, one who rebels against
the Establishment. The group's leaders included Kingsley Amis and
John Osborne.
Baroque
Grandiose, ornate artistic style prevalent from the
late 16th to the early 18th century. Initialy associated with
architectural forms, the term was later applied to the fine arts.
In literature, the baroque style emplyed dramatic motifs and strong
emotions in an attempt to expand the artistic vision.
Beat Generation
A group of American writers whose work expressed
their alienation from the middle-class society during the 1950s and
1960s. Lead by Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, they disdained
the convential values, focusing instead on self discovery through
drogs, sexual experience, and exotic travel.
Bloomsbury Group
A group of writers, artists, and intellectuals who
held infromal discussions in the Bloomsbury, a section of London,
throughout the early 20th century. Although individual members
such as John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), Letton Strachey (1880-1932),
and Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) were influential figures, the group
produced no uniform moral or aesthetic principles.
Classical
The period in which Greek and Roman literature
flourished. The works of Aeschylus, Dante, Homer, Ovid, and other
classical writers generally displayed clarity, harmony, restraint, and
rationality over ambiguity, extravagance, and a freee play of the
immagination.
Classicism
In a general sence, any literary style or movment
that adheres to the principles of classical literature. In
English literatuure, the term refers to the reaction of 18th and 19th
century writers to rmaticism. See also neoclassicism.
Dadaism
A European movement foudned during World War I and
devoted to the neation of traditional artistic values. Dadaists
embraced nihilism, irrationality, and the absurd, often shocking their
audiences. Teh movement's leaders included Andre Breton
(1896-1966) and Tristan Tzara (1896-1963). Breton later broke
with Tzara and founded surrealism.
Decadence
A movment originating in 19th century France that
emphasized the autonomy of art, the rejection of middle-class society,
a sophisticated despair, and unconventional, often morbid
experiences. Charles Baudelaire and Arthur Rimbaud were amoung
the leading decadents.
Elizabethan
Pertaining to the drama and literature produced
during the reign of Elizabeth I of England (1558-1603). The Elizabethan
age saw the flowering of English literature, with its classical
humanism, and dazzling achievements in drama and verse forms.
William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Edmund Spenser were
notable Elizabethans.
The enlightenment
An intellectual movment in the late 17th and 18th
centures that sought the perfection of human society through applied
reason. Rejecting the convential religious authority its members
postulated instead a rational unity of God, man, and Nature.
jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire were amoung its most influential
thinkers.
Experssionism
An early 20th century movement stressing individual
expression and jubjective truth as opposed to conventional forms and
objective reality. Its followers used distorted imagery and
narative compression to depict violen emotions and the workings of the
subconscious mind.
Futurism
A European movement (c. 1908-1920) advocating the
abandonment of convential syntax and the uninhibited use of images
drawn from teh age of technology. Futurists exalted the speed of
modern life and anticipated the dadaism by embracing the bizarre and
the experimental.
Gothic
In literature, the term applies to a specific form
of the novel, popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, that
featured supernatural horrors and violent events, often with a medieval
setting.
Graveyad School
A preromantic movement of 18th-century English
Poets. Its members adopted a melancholy tone in their
verses, which were usually set in graveyards or oter gloomy locations.
Imagism
A movement in American and English poetry beginning
about 1920. Borrowing freely from foreign verse techniques such
as the haiku and free verse, it demanded precision in the use of
imagery. Ezra Pound was influential within this movment.
Impressionism
In modern literature, the term refers especially to
poems and novels that focus on the author's or character's inner life
and subjective impressions. james Joyce, Thomas Mann, marcel
Proust, and Virginia Woolf emplyed impressionistic techniques, such as
teh stream of consciousness.
Irish Renaissance
A period of intense creative energy, beginning in
teh 19th century, aimed at the revival of Ireland's native
culture. At the height of the movment, from 1900 to 1920, writers
such as John Millington Synge and William Butler yeats turned to
traditional Irish folklore and themes for inspiration. The
movement's influence continues to the present.
Jacobean
Pertaining to the literature produced during the
reign of James I of England (1603-1625). The period was one of
great social upheaval. reflecting the times, English literature
rejected Elizabethan optimism for a darker, more cynical view of human
affairs. William Shakespeare's greates works were written in this
period.
Lost Generation
A term coinded by Gertrude Stein to describe a group
of expatriate American writers who came into prominence after World War
I (1914-1918). Their work was characterized by disillusionment
with postwar society. F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway
were amoung the group's notable figures.
Mondernism
A 20th-century (c. 1910-1945) movment emphasizing a
self-conscious break with past literary forms and the developemnt of
experimental techniques and fres motifs. The Iris Author James
Joyce's use of interior monolgue and myth as a narrative structures
typify modernism's concern with untried forms of expression.
Naturalism
A late-19th-century and early-20th-century movement
that rejected sentimentality, subjectivity, and preconceived notions of
morality in art. naturalist writers often chose their subjects
from teh lower depths of society, viewing their characters' sordid
lives or tragic fates with scientific detachment. Thomas Hardy,
Emile Zola, and Theodore Dreiser were amoung the leading naturalists.
Neoclassicism
In European literature, the term refers to the
emphasis placed on blance, restraint, clarity, and proportion in the
works of late-17th-century and 18th-century writers such as Alxander
Page, Jean Racine, Jonathan Swift, and Voltaire.
Parnasians
Late-19th-century school of French poets.
Reacting against the emotionalism and subjectivity of romanicicms, they
attempted to replicate the precision of plastic arts such as sculpture
in their work. teh objective poetry thus created was a precursor
of the realistic novel and drama.
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
A group of poets and artist establised in London in
1848. They asserted the superiority of nature in their work,
rejecting formal or academic techniques in favor of sensual imagery and
religious symbolism. Algenon Swinburne was one of its leaders.
Realism
Movement originatin in the early 19th century that
portrayed the details o feveryday life in factual, objective language
and without idealization. The author sought to let the story tell
itself, devoid of sentiment and thematic manipulation. Honore de
Balzac, Gustave Falubert, and Henrik Ibsen wrote in this manner.
Renaissance
From the French word for "rebirth." It
pertains to the literature produced in Europe from the mid-14th to the
end of the 16th century. marked by a revival in classical values
and learning, the period witnessed an outburst of creative activity
unmatched int eh history of wester culture. Miguel de Cervantes,,
Francois Rabelais, and William Shakespear were amoung the leading
figures of the period.
Romaticism
Movment originating in the 18th century Europe as a
reaction to neoclassicism. Romatic works typically emphasized
intense emotions, sensual imagery, and individualism and often featured
lurid themes and sensational plots. Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
Johann Goeth, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are usually associated with
this movement.
Socialist realism
A state mandated literary style that writers were
obligated to follow in the former Soviet union (c. 1932-1990).
Under this doctrine, all literary works were to display the steady
progress of Soviet Society toward acheiving the goals of
socialism. In practice, it was a tool by which the state could
control freedom of epression.
Sturm and Drang
German phrase meaning "storm and stress."
Nationalistic, 18th-century German movement emphasizing story lines,
turbulent emotions, and the individual's revolt against society.
Johann Goethe's early work was written in this fashion.
Surrealism
A movement founded in France in teh 1920s. It
attempted to express the workings of the subconscious mind through
automatic writing and irrational, often juxtaposed imagery. Andre
Breton was the movement's principal architect.
Symbolism
A European movement originating with French petry in
the late 19th century. It sacrificed objective representation and
realistic narrative techniques in favor of a pattern of images or
symbols that conveyed the aurthor's meaning. Joseph Conrad,
Arthur Rimbaud, and Virginia Woolf employed symbolism in their writing.
Transcendentalism
A 19th-century American movment centered in New
England. it advocated a reliance on personal Conscience over the
dictates of external authority or moral conventions. Ralph Waldo
Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were among its leaders.
Victorian
Pertaining to the drama and literature produced
during the reign of Queen Victoria of England (1837-1901).
although associated with strict codes of moral conduct and social
stagnation, the age witnessed a crisis in religious faith and glowing
social unrest. Joseph Conrad, Charles Dickens, George Eliot,
George Bernard Shaw, and Oscar Wilde produced much of their greatest
work during this period.
Hinduism
Vedas, the sacred texts
Bhagavad Gita
Upanishads
Islam
Adab
Abbasid Period
Hadith
Maqamat
Muslem Spain
Qasidah
Quranic exegesis
Sufi
Umayyad Period
Hinduism
Vedic
Judaism
Christian
Rosicrucianism
Shinto
Taoism
Zoroastrianism